![]() It serves as the site for the emergence of cranial nerves VIII-XII, which supply the head, face, and viscera. The information relayed from the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the body must traverse the brain stem. It plays an important role in the conduction of information. Conveyance of sensory and motor pathways from the body to the brain and from the brain back to the body is also a function of the brain stem. It functions in regulating the body’s sleep cycle. Motor and sensory supply is provided to the neck and face region by the brain stem through the cranial nerves. It contains regions for control of many body functions like swallowing, heart rate control, respiration. The main function of the brain stem is in regulating respiratory and cardiac activities. It is located at the base of the brain between the spinal cord and the deep structure of the cerebral hemisphere. There are four main areas in the brain: The cerebrum (the outer layer is called the cerebral cortex), which is split into two. It is the posterior component of the brain and comprises parts of the midbrain and the hindbrain. It is made up of three regions: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is the structure of the brain that is connected with the spinal cord. It regulates the blood vessel diameter, heartbeat, normal breathing rhythm and also controls the reflexes of sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, and coughing. It extends from the pons and is interconnected with the spinal cord. Medulla oblongata forms the basal region of the brain stem. It comprises the fibers and nuclei of the nerves that serve in facial muscle strength, eye muscle control, and other functions. Pons serves as a connection between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is associated with alertness, temperature control, and motor activities. A network of synaptic neurons comprises the tegmentum. The tectum forms the dorsal side of the midbrain. Two pairs of superior colliculi and the posterior colliculi together comprise the tectum. Midbrain includes the tectum and tegmentum. Midbrain is represented by a pair of longitudinal bands of nervous tissue, crura cerebri on the ventral side and dorsally a pair of small swellings called corpora bigemina on either side. Midbrain forms the starting point of the brain stem. The essential working of the brain stem is in regulating respiratory and cardiac activities. It forms a connection of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain stem is the structure of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord.
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